一、There be 句型
There be 句型又叫存在句。存在句把there 作为句子的形式主语，而把实际主语至于动词之后。
There have been great changes since the policy of opening-up to the outside world was carried out. 自对外开放政策实施以来有了很大变化。
There is going to be a heavy snow this evening. 今晚将有大雪。
1． here 后面的动词除了be 动词外，还有seen，appear，exist，lie，sit，stand，remain，come，go，walk，enter，follow，arrive，happen，occur，emerge，rise，raise。例如：
There appears to be no doubt about the question.似乎对这一问题没有疑问。
Do you think there remains nothing to be done? 你以为没有什么可以做了？
There came the angry voice of the manager from office. 办公室传来了老板愤怒的声音。
There once occurred an earthquake in Shanghai. 上海曾发生过一次地震。
There must be something wrong with this machine, for it doesn’t work. 机器一定出毛病了，它不行了。
2． There be+名词的结构
（1）There is no+n. +to do句型
There is noneeddoubtpossibilityto do sth./that 从句
（2）There is no +名词+in doing...句型
There is no usegoodharmhurrysensepoint + (in) doing sth.
There is no use waiting. He won’t turn up.
二、强调句应注意十个方面的问题
十几年来高考一直考查It+be...that(who) ...这一强调结构，这种强调结构用来突出强调句子的某一部分。该结构中的it (the emphatic it)，无词汇意义，只用于改变句子的结构，使某一部分得以被强调。要正确使用这一结构应注意以下十个方面的问题：
1． 这种强调结构除了不能强调动词外，其他成分如主语、宾语、宾补、状语都可以强调。例如：
It was my sister who first had the idea to cycle along the Mekong River from where it begins to where it ends.（强调主语）
It was in Greece that Olympic competitions firstly started.（强调状语）
2． 被强调部分指人时用that，who均可，指事物或情况时用that（被强调的是时间或地点状语时一般不用when，where）。例：
It was because of bad weather that the football match bad to be put off.
It was last year at the Olympics that Liu Xiang got the medal for hurdling race.是去年在奥运会上刘翔赢得了跨栏金牌。
2． 被强调的代词格应与原句一致；被强调的部分如果是原句的主语，who(that)后的谓语在人称和数上应与原句的主语一致。例：
It is Zhang Ziyi that (who) stars the film Heroes. 是章子仪主演的《英雄》这部电影。
It is him that I want to visit. 我想见的是他。
3． 如果强调双宾语中的一个，不论是直接宾语还是间接宾语，根据动词的搭配关系，要加上一个介词to或for。例：
Mr.Green gave Mary a birthday present.→
It was Mary that Mr. Green gave a birthday present to.
It was a birthday present that Mr. Green gave to Mary.
4． 如果原句是一般疑问句，强调结构用“be+it...that (who)...?”形式；如果原句是特殊疑问句，则用“特殊疑问词+be+it...that(who) ...?”形式。
Is it an the end of 2001 that China joined WTO? 是2001年底中国加入了世贸组织吗？
When was it that the tsunami struck the countries around the India Ocean? 是何时海啸袭击了印度洋沿岸各国？
5． 如果原句中含有“not...until”，在强调时间状语时，将主句中的否定词not连同状语一期提前。例：
It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.
6． 强调结构中的谓语动词除用be外，还可以用might be 或must have been。例：
It might be tomorrow that she will come.
It must have been an actor that came yester?鄄day.
7． 强调结构不但可独立成句，也可用在从句中。例：
Further reading made me realize that it was hard work and determination as well as her good nature that had got her into medical school.
8． 被强调部分句子可能较长或有一个以上的强调成分，对此就应注意识别。例：
It was not the fish but the vegetable, which grows only in Sichuan, that made the hot dish sour and aromatic.
It was she who was lying in the corridor and the stranger who bent over her.是她躺在过道上，是那个陌生人俯视她。（此句有两个被强调部分：一是she，一是 the stranger）
It is that intensity, along with the low cost and low risk, that causes the real danger of cyber lover.
9． 强调结构中的时态一般应一致，即主句与从句中的时态应都用现在时，或都用将来时。例：
It was my two sisters who knew her best.(都用过去时)
It will not be you who will have to take the blame for this.(都用将来时)对此受谴责的将不是你。
三、独立主格结构
从独立主格的结构上可以看出它是没有谓语动词的，因此它只能属于短语，而不可以单独成为一个句子，是一个独立于句子之外，但是又能表达一个句子意思的独特的结构。它的位置比较灵活，可以置于句首、句中、句尾，通常与句子之间用逗号隔开。如：
The geography teacher came in, a book in her hand.
=A book in her hand, the geography teacher came in.
地理老师进来了，手里拿着书。
独立主格的结构是：名词/代词+动词不定式/现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/介词短语/名词，其中如果前面的名词/代词部分用代词时，代词要用逐个形式，不可以用宾格。With+复合宾语结构实际上也是独立主格结构的一种，但是with+名词+代词+...结构中的代词用宾格形式，即with+宾语+宾语补足语。
独立主格结构在句中主要用作状语，可以用来表示原因、方式、时间、伴随等，with+复合宾语结构除了可以作状语外，还可以用来作定语。以下分五种情况分别介绍。
1． 名词/代词+动词不定式
表示动作发生在主句动词动作之后或者还没有发生，结构形式是：n./pron .+to do sth.，如果不定式与其逻辑主语之间是动宾关系，就用动词不定式的被动形式。如：More time to be given, they will finish the task on time.再给一些时间，他们就会按时完成任务。
2． 名词/代词+现在分词
表示动作与主句动词动作同时发生，构成形式是：n./pron.+doing，如果强调分词的事件发生在主句动作时间之前，通常用现在分词完成式形式来表示。如：
It being a fine day, we decided to go swimming.因为天气不错，我们决定去游泳。（表示原因）
there be 句型比较特殊，虽然它是一个倒装句，there 表示主句，主语是be动词之后的名词形式，但是在独立主格结构中there却占据主格的位置，即there+being...如：
There being no bus, we had to go back to home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，我们不得不步行回家。
3． 名词/代词+过去分词
如果所用的分词与主格名词或代词之间是动宾关系，由于独立主格中的名词或代词就是短语的逻辑主语，因此要用过去分词，表示过去分词与逻辑主语之间的被动关系。如：
The prisoner stood there, his hands raised. 那个囚犯站在那儿，双手高举。（表示伴随状况）
提示：his hands raised扩展成句子是：his hands were raised，主动语态是：He raised his hands. his hands 是raise 的动作对象，所以要用表示被动意义的过去分词。
4． 名词/代词+非动词（名词、形容词、副词、介词短语）
该结构主要用来表示对句子的细节进行补充说明，主要是用来表示方式、伴随、原因、时间等。如：
I heard that she got injured in the accident, my heart full of worry.我听说她在这场事故中受伤了，心中充满担忧。（形容词表示伴随状态）
5． with+复合宾语（即：with+名词/代词+宾语补足语）
高考题中with+复合宾语结构是常见的考点。
“with+复合宾语”常见的七种形式
（1）“with+名词（代词）+形容词”
She used to sleep with the windows open.她过去常常开着窗户睡觉。
（2）“with +名词（代词）+副词”
With Mr. Smith away, we’ve got more room.史密斯先生走后，空间大多了。
（3）“with+名词（代词）+介词短语”
The man was walking on the street, with a book under his arm.那个人在街上走着，腋下夹着一本书。
（4）“with+名词（代词）+动词不定式”
With all this work to do, I don’t know if I’ll have time to go out.有这么多工作要做，我不知道是不是有时间出去。
（5）“with +名词（代词）+现在分词”
In part of Asia you must not sit with your feet pointing at another person.在亚洲的某些地区，你不可以坐着把脚跷起来对着别人。
（6）“with +名词（代词）+过去分词”
The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back谋杀犯被带进来，他的双手被反绑着。
（7）“with+名词（代词）+名词”
He left home, with his wife a hopeless soul.他走了，妻子十分绝望。
四、替代注意的问题
替代是指用替代词代替上文中出现过的词语或整个句子，是避免重复、连接上下文的手段之一。通常有三种：名词性替代、动词性替代和从句性替代。
1． 名词性替代词 
主要是one/ones, the one/ones, that, it。
I like the green coat instead of the blue one.
Mr. Zhang gave the textbooks to all the pupils except the ones who bad already taken them.
Another theme of his plays is that of love being created and destroyed.
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Nanjing.
I bought a pen yesterday and gave it to her.

2． 动词性替代
用动词等表示的替代现象叫做动词性替代。主要用法如下：
（1）用do 来替代实义动词，若及物，须跟宾语，如：
She plays the piano better than Mary does.(plays the guitar.)
（2）用do so 来替代动宾结构或动状结构，如：Oceans are able to clean themselves, but certain seas are not able to do so.(clean themselves)
do 可以代替前面已出现过的行为动词，以免重复，但它的形式应按照人称、时态的需要而变化。
3． 从句性替代
（1）so可以代替句子，和believe，think，expect，imagine， suppose， hope， hear， be afraid， fear，call，tell等词连用。
（2）not 可以用来代替一个否定结构的从句或谓语，用于上述动词之后。请看下列各句：
Drop the gun. If not, you’ll be sorry.
— Is she well?
— I think so.(that she is well)
I believe / expect / fear / hope / imagine / suppose / think not.
4． 动词不定式to的替代
动词不定式to替代承前的内容，多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中。为了避免重复，作宾语或主补、宾补的不定式再次出现时，to后的内容常承前省略（只保留to即可）。可用于下列结构中：
（1）形容词：afraid，glad，happy，be willing to，be able to，etc.
（2）动词：like，love，expect，manage，try，hope，pretend，wish，refuse，agree，want，afford，fail，for?鄄get，remember， used to，have to，etc.
（3）带补语的动词：tell，ask， allow，permit，expect，wish，force，warn，forbid，persuade，etc.
— Would you like to go to the film with me?
— Yes, I’d like to.
I wanted to play football after class, but mother asked me not to.
注意：若承前省略的不定式内容是be或作助动词用的have时，to后要保留be或Have。如：
— Are you a college student?
— No, but I want to be.
五、省略句注意的问题
为了避免重复或为简练，句子中常省略一些成分。常用的省略句的类型有：
1． 句中的省略
（1）省略主语。如：
Beg your pardon?
（2）省略谓语或宾语的一部分。如：
Anything I can do for you?
（3）主语和谓语（或谓语的一部分）。如：
Why not say hello to her?
对话中的省略，常省略主谓语或其他成分，使对话更加简洁。如：
— Do you understand me?
— Yes. Perfectly = I understand you perfectly.
2． 并列句中的省略
两个并列句中，后一个分句常省略与前一个分句中相同的部分。如：
I study at college and my sister(studies) at night school.
省略句的特殊结构：
(Give me) One more week, and we will accomplish the task.
3． 复合句中的省略
（1）在when，unless，while，if，though，as long as，whenever，wherever，as soon as 等词引导的状语从句中，若从句主语和主语一致，且从句中包含be或从句中是“it is+adj.”等这一结构。
She advised me not to say anything until（I was）asked.
You must practise speaking English whenever（it is）possible.
（2）在than 或as...as引导的从句中，常会有一些成分在上下文清楚的情况下被省略。如：
He has made greater progress than（he did）before/ever.

作者：山东莱阳…